Introduction/Home Page by Ira Jacknis
Introduction to Tzintzuntzan by the Anthropologist George Foster/ Map of Tzintzuntzan/ The First Fieldwork: 1944–46
Mariano Cornelio, a Tarascan fisherman/farmer, in his boat
Vicente Rendon and his compadre Salvador Villagomes harvesting maize
Vicente Rendón on the way to market with pottery
Family at the grave on All Saints’ Day
Jesús Peña making candles
Tarascan masked dancers, "owner" and "watcher", at the Octava of Corpus Christi
Highway victim
Changes in Tzintzuntzan: 1945–79 and 1979-88
View towards the northwest side of Lake Pátzcuaro
Yácatas, reconstructed ruins on the east edge of the village
Doña Micaela González, in her small patio
Melecio Hernández, husband of Micaela González, making an ox yoke
Micaela González’s house; in front are her daughter Virginia Pichu, and William Iler, a UC Berkeley graduate student
The new second floor on Micaela González’s house; Mary Foster on the balcony
Dolores (Lola) Pichu and her younger sister Virginia Pichu, daughters of Micaela González and her first husband, Pedro Pichu
Pachita Villagómez and her husband Faustino Peña
Doña Andrea Medina, her daughter-in-law Pachita Villagómez, and her granddaughter Lucía
Lupe Calderon and Eustolio Campos coming out of the parish church after their wedding
Florentina Dominga, a Tarascan woman, with a midwife’s offering
La Soledad chapel
The arrival of fireworks (La Obra) at La Parroquia, the Parish church
Death dancer, Salvador Maturino
Red devil dancer
Female attendants of the king and queen figures, Rosa Lara
Group of spies entering the house of Ambrosio Zaldívar, to pay homage to the district saint (barrio santo) and to be fed; Holy Wednesday
A spy; Holy Wednesday
A penitente, with his assistant (cirineo); Good Friday
Fish dancer and net in the procession of trades; Corpus Christi
Little Old Man Dance (Los Viejitos)
House façade decorated for a posada procession; before breaking the piñatas; Christmas season
Tarascan women making tortillas by hand, cooked on a wood fire
Lola Pichu making tortillas in a press, inside her present old-style kitchen
Amalia Felices making pots, by joining two mold-made halves and smoothing the inside
Doña Andrea Medina at the kiln in her yard
Otilia Zavala, wife of Wenceslado Peña, glazing pottery
Pachita Villagómez painting a fish design on a large platter, before glazing
Salvador Cuirís and his pottery delivery truck
Pottery sellers in the church atrium; Fiesta of Nuestro Señor del Rescate
The store, "La Central," and the plaza on the main highway, looking south
Lola Pichu inside her family’s store; Christmas
Changes in Tzintzuntzan: 1988–2000
George Foster Biography


A spy; Holy Wednesday, March 22, 1978.

On Holy Wednesday all good Catholics confess, and the spies appear for the first time. A half dozen boys of 18 or so, dressed in brilliant satin dresses of their mothers and wearing cotton stockings are mounted on horseback. Their pointed red flannel caps and hooded faces give them the appearance of latter-day Ku Klux Klanners. Bareback, and without shoes, they ride down parallel streets, stopping at each intersection. The first blows a plaintive note on a whistle, and as it dies out the next spy takes up the sound, and so on down the length of the line. Then all ride to the next series of intersections where the act is repeated. According to local tradition these boys represent the men who spied on Christ and carried him off to be sentenced. Formerly, when work was forbidden in Tzintzuntzan during all of Holy Week, the spies had a real function. It was their job to see that nobody was working, and if they found someone so engaged, they took his tools and locked them up in the courtroom, forcing the owner to pay a fine to regain them. The spies are forbidden to speak, and one of the pastimes of small boys is to try to trick them into breaking their silence and thus reveal their identity (1948).

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